Bengali, otherwise known as Bangla, is one of the eastern Indo-Aryan languages. It is native to the region of eastern South Asia that is known as Bengal, which is made up of present-day Bangladesh, the Indian state of West Bengal, as well as parts of the Indian states of Assam and Tripura. It is written using the Bengali script. With around 220 million native and with an estimated 250 million total speakers, Bengali is one of the most spoken globally, ranked seventh in the world. The national anthem of India as well as the national anthem of Bangladesh was composed in Bengali.
Alongside the other Eastern Indo-Aryan languages, Bengali has evolved circa 1000–1200 CE from some of the eastern Middle Indo-Aryan dialects like Magadhi Prakrit and Pali, which both developed from a dialect or dialects that had similarities, but were not identical to, Vedic and Classical Sanskrit. Literary Bengali has borrowings from Classical Sanskrit, preserving spelling yet adapting its pronunciation to that of Bengali, during the period of the Bengali Renaissance and Middle Bengali. The modern form of literary Bengali was developed throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries and was based upon the dialect that is spoken in the region of Nadia, a west-central Bengali dialect. Bengali is a prime example of diglossia, a state where the standard and literary form can differ from the colloquial speech of the territories that identify with the language. Standard Bengali in Bangladesh and West Bengal are marked by some variances in accent, usage and phonetics. Today, literary form and dialects of Bengali make up what is now the primary language spoken in Bangladesh and the second most common language in India.
With a literary tradition stemming from the Bengali Renaissance, Bengali fixes together a culturally diverse region and is an extremely important part of Bengali nationalism. In the former East Bengal and what is now Bangladesh, the strong linguistic consciousness has led to the Bengali Language Movement (BLM), which several people were killed on the 21 February 1952 during protests to gain it recognition as a state language of the then Territory of Pakistan and to maintain it being written in Bengali script. Ever since this, the day has been observed as Language Movement Day in Bangladesh, and at the time was proclaimed the International Mother Language Day by UNESCO on 17 November 1999.
Like many other Eastern Indo-Aryan languages, Bengali rose out of eastern Middle Indo-Aryan dialects of the Indian subcontinent. Pali and Magadhi Prakrit, the earliest recorded spoken languages in the region as well as the language of Gautama Buddha, turned into the Jain Prakrit or Ardhamagadhi “Half Magadhi” early on in the first millennium. Ardhamagadhi, in the same way as all of the Prakrits of North India, began to give way to what are referred to as Apabhraṃśa (“Corrupted grammar”) languages just before the start of the first millennium.The local Apabhraṃśa dialect of the eastern subcontinent, Abahatta Purvi or Apabhraṃśa (“Meaningless Sounds”), ultimately evolved into regional dialects, which then went on to form three groups of the Assamese-Bengali languages, the Oriya languages and the Bihari languages. Some argue that the points of departure occurred earlier—going back to even 500 AD but the language was not motionless: different variants coexisted and authors wrote in several dialects.
In history, high influence from Prakrit and Pali went into Bengali, Bengali also saw an increase in influence from Sanskrit during the Middle Bengali era and also during the Bengal Renaissance. Of the modern Indo-European languages that are in South Asia, Bengali and its neighbours, Oriya and Assamese maintain a largely Pali/Sanskrit base vocabulary, the same as Marathi in the center-west.
It is notable that both spoken Hindi and Urdu are identical at base. The current literary form of Hindi uses a great deal of borrowed Sanskrit vocabulary, while the literary form of Urdu is chock-full with borrowings from Persian and Arabic.
Up until the 18th century, there was absolutely no attempt to certify Bengali grammar. The first written Bengali dictionary and grammar was written by a Portuguese missionary called Manuel da Assumpção at some point between 1734 and 1742 while he was serving in Bhawal Estate. Also part of this movement was Nathaniel Brassey Halhed, a British grammarian who wrote a modern Bengali grammar book in 1778 that used Bengali types seminally in print for the first time.